Diet and nutritionLifestyle diseases: Does what we eat determine what we get sick with?
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- M. Williamson i N. Moustaid-Moussa i L. Gollahon — Frontiers | The Molecular Effects of Dietary Acid Load on Metabolic Disease (The Cellular PasaDoble: The Fast-Paced Dance of pH Regulation)
- Associations between plant-based dietary patterns and risks of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mortality - a systematic review and meta-analysis. · Nutr J 2023
- Plant-Based Diet and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. · J Ren Nutr 2025
- Adherence to Mediterranean diet and health status: meta-analysis. · BMJ 2008
- Mediterranean diet in the management and prevention of obesity. · Exp Gerontol 2023
- Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets. · J Acad Nutr Diet 2016
- The Mediterranean diet and health: a comprehensive overview. · J Intern Med 2021
- Plant-based diets to manage the risks and complications of chronic kidney disease. · Nat Rev Nephrol 2020
- Lifestyle Medicine in the 21st Century: Evidence-Based Strategies for Noncommunicable Disease Risk Reduction. · Int J Prev Med 2026
- Food and Health: Nutrition for Prevention and Management of Cardiovascular Disease: 2026 ACC Scientific Statement: A Report of the American College of Cardiology. · J Am Coll Cardiol 2026
- Plant-Based Nutrition and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Prevention, Risk, Metabolic Health and the Role of Legumes, Dietary Fiber, and Red Meat. · Nutrients 2026
- Orthomolecular Medicine News Service — Rethinking Plant-Based Nutrition: The Hidden Costs Behind the Greens and Fruits
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Ewa Dąbrowska says that limiting highly processed foods and overeating, and choosing plant foods, can help prevent lifestyle diseases.
- Ewa Dąbrowska describes short, regular fruit-and-vegetable fasts as a way to support health and prevent chronic diseases.
- After fasting, Ewa Dąbrowska recommends a low-fat plant-based diet with vegetables, fruit, whole grains, legumes, seeds, and nuts.
- For atherosclerosis, Ewa Dąbrowska links better prevention with eating vegetables and fruit, exercising, and not smoking; she also describes improved circulation and cholesterol levels after fasting.
- M. Williamson, N. Moustaid-Moussa, and L. Gollahon emphasize that plant fiber supports digestion and beneficial gut bacteria, which may help reduce inflammation.
- Ewa Dąbrowska favors a predominantly plant-based diet, while M. Williamson, N. Moustaid-Moussa, and L. Gollahon note that combining plant and animal foods, and choosing a diet, may depend on the individual.
What the authors write
Highly processed food and overeating are identified as major risks, while plant foods are described as healthier than animal foods.
Prevention may include short, periodic fasts that provide plant compounds and micronutrients and are intended to support the body's balance.
After fasting, Ewa Dąbrowska recommends a low-fat plant-based diet without meat, dairy, eggs, or fish as a way to continue reversing diseases, especially metabolic ones.
Ewa Dąbrowska advises against the Western diet, which is high in processed foods, saturated fats, simple sugars, and salt, and low in vegetables and fruit.
Recommended ways to reduce the risk of a heart attack include eating vegetables and fruit, being physically active, and not smoking.
Ewa Dąbrowska describes a plant-based diet and fasting as ways to prevent and treat ischemic heart disease, and links a six-week program with the possibility of reversing atherosclerotic changes.
According to Ewa Dąbrowska, a fruit-and-vegetable fast improves insulin sensitivity; after one week, glucose levels normalized in more than 80% of the patients observed.
Ewa Dąbrowska links a diet high in processed food and lack of physical activity with the development of atherosclerosis.
Ewa Dąbrowska describes improved test results and well-being among people with Hashimoto's disease after a fruit-and-vegetable diet.
In the cases described, the diet was associated with improved mobility and no further multiple sclerosis relapses.
In the study described, the measured indicators decreased in people with porphyria after a fruit-and-vegetable diet, and the authors also noted remission of coexisting diseases.
In some patients who consistently followed a healthy vegan diet and periodically returned to a fruit-and-vegetable diet, porphyria remained in remission for many years.
Andrzej Frydrychowski presents influencing genes through epigenetics as a way to block the development of some diseases.
Ewa Dąbrowska says that plant fiber supports the gut and gut bacteria, and that substances produced by some of these bacteria may reduce inflammation.
M. Williamson, N. Moustaid-Moussa, and L. Gollahon encourage including a variety of foods and combining plant and animal ingredients appropriately, as well as tailoring the diet to individual differences.
Research from PubMed · Europe PMC
We selected 10 studies with the best, positive results. This is a selection, not a full review of all research.
Total number of studies on this topic in PubMed: 941.
A meta-analysis found that greater adherence to a plant-based diet is associated with lower risks of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and death.
Aim of the study: Plant-based dietary patterns are gaining more attention due to their potential in reducing the risk of developing major chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, and mortality, while an up-to-date comprehensive quantitative review is lacking.
Results: A total of 76 publications were identified, including 2,230,443 participants with 60,718 cases of incident T2D, 157,335 CVD cases, 57,759 cancer cases, and 174,435 deaths. An inverse association was observed between higher adherence to a plant-based dietary pattern and risks of T2D (RR, 0.82 [95% CI: 0.77-0.86]), CVD (0.90 [0.85-0.94]), cancer (0.91 [0.87-0.96]), and all-cause mortality (0.84 [0.78-0.92]) with moderate to high heterogeneity across studies (I2 ranged: 47.8-95.4%). The inverse associations with T2D, CVD and cancer were strengthened when healthy plant-based foods, such as vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and legumes, were emphasized in the definition of plant-based dietary patterns (T2D: 0.79 [0.72-0.87]; CVD: 0.85 [0.80-0.92]; cancer: 0.86 [0.80-0.92]; I2 ranged: 53.1-84.1%). Association for mortality was largely similar when the analyses were restricted to healthy plant-based diets (0.86 [0.80-0.92], I2 = 91.9%).
“Not stated” does not mean nobody paid — the database does not always record it.
A meta-analysis found that a plant-based diet is associated with a lower risk of chronic kidney disease and slower disease progression.
Aim of the study: We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analyses to evaluate the impact of plant-based diet (PBD) on chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Results: A total of 121,927 participants were included, aged between 18 and 74 years, and were followed up for a weighted average of 11.2 years. Adopting PBD is associated with a significantly reduced risk of developing CKD OR = 0.75, 95% CI (0.65-0.86), P < .0001] across 93,857 participants. Similar results were observed in subgroup analyses that examined higher quintiles/quartiles (Q2-Q5) and tertiles (T2-T3) of PBD versus Q1/T1, with overall effect measures of 0.92 (95% CI; 0.86-0.98) and 0.88 (95% CI; 0.82-0.93), respectively. When adjusting for CKD-related comorbidities in patients following PBD (adjusted models M1, M2, and M3), significant findings were also observed, with an overall OR of 0.86 (95% CI; 0.79-0.93). Adopting PBD was significantly associated with 26% lower incidences of CKD. Higher intake of PBD showed a dose-dependent relationship with lower risk of CKD incidence and slower CKD progression. Unhealthy PBD may not confer renal protective effects compared to healthy PBD.
“Not stated” does not mean nobody paid — the database does not always record it.
A meta-analysis found that greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with lower mortality and lower risks of cardiovascular disease and cancer.
Aim of the study: To systematically review all the prospective cohort studies that have analysed the relation between adherence to a Mediterranean diet, mortality, and incidence of chronic diseases in a primary prevention setting.
Results: The cumulative analysis among eight cohorts (514,816 subjects and 33,576 deaths) evaluating overall mortality in relation to adherence to a Mediterranean diet showed that a two point increase in the adherence score was significantly associated with a reduced risk of mortality (pooled relative risk 0.91, 95% confidence interval 0.89 to 0.94). Likewise, the analyses showed a beneficial role for greater adherence to a Mediterranean diet on cardiovascular mortality (pooled relative risk 0.91, 0.87 to 0.95), incidence of or mortality from cancer (0.94, 0.92 to 0.96), and incidence of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease (0.87, 0.80 to 0.96). Greater adherence to a Mediterranean diet is associated with a significant improvement in health status, as seen by a significant reduction in overall mortality (9%), mortality from cardiovascular diseases (9%), incidence of or mortality from cancer (6%), and incidence of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease (13%).
“Not stated” does not mean nobody paid — the database does not always record it.
A review indicates that the Mediterranean diet supports weight loss and is associated with a lower risk of obesity.
Aim of the study: The current pandemic of obesity represents a major global public health problem, mainly due to its association with chronic non-communicable disabling conditions and with increased mortality. Population aging increases the chances of non-communicable chronic diseases allowing a longer exposure to risk factors for these disabling conditions.
Results: The dietary model with the largest body of evidence of health benefit is that traditionally followed by inhabitants of some Mediterranean countries. There is evidence confirming the inverse association of adhering to Mediterranean diet with overweight and obesity. Four meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials, including up to 16 trials, have shown a greater reduction of body weight and BMI with MedDiet compared to other diets, while a meta-analysis of 7 prospective cohort studies, found a reduced risk of becoming obese and gaining weight over time associated with a higher adherence to MedDiet. This narrative review examines studies reporting inverse associations of a higher adherence to the MedDiet with overweight/obesity and with age-associated chronic diseases related to obesity.
“Not stated” does not mean nobody paid — the database does not always record it.
The position statement indicates that well-planned vegetarian and vegan diets can help prevent some diseases, and that people following these diets are less likely to develop conditions including type 2 diabetes and ischemic heart disease.
Aim of the study: It is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics that appropriately planned vegetarian, including vegan, diets are healthful, nutritionally adequate, and may provide health benefits for the prevention and treatment of certain diseases. These diets are appropriate for all stages of the life cycle, including pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, adolescence, older adulthood, and for athletes.
Results: Vegetarians and vegans are at reduced risk of certain health conditions, including ischemic heart disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, certain types of cancer, and obesity. Low intake of saturated fat and high intakes of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, soy products, nuts, and seeds (all rich in fiber and phytochemicals) are characteristics of vegetarian and vegan diets that produce lower total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and better serum glucose control. These factors contribute to reduction of chronic disease. Vegans need reliable sources of vitamin B-12, such as fortified foods or supplements.
“Not stated” does not mean nobody paid — the database does not always record it.
A review indicates that the Mediterranean diet supports heart health, is associated with a lower incidence of diabetes, and reduces mortality.
Aim of the study: The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), one of the most studied and well-known dietary patterns worldwide, has been associated with a wide range of benefits for health. In the present narrative review, we aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on the relation of the MedDiet to important health outcomes, considering both observational and intervention studies with both risk factors and clinical diseases as outcomes.
Results: In prospective studies, adherence to the MedDiet reduced mortality, especially cardiovascular mortality, hence increased longevity. In addition, it has been associated with less age-related cognitive dysfunction and lower incidence of neurodegenerative disorders, particularly Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, the relatively low environmental impacts (water, nitrogen and carbon footprint) of the MedDiet is an additional positive aspect of the Mediterranean dietary model. It is likely that the combination of a healthy diet with social behaviours and the way of life of Mediterranean regions makes the MedDiet a sustainable lifestyle model that could likely be followed in other regions with country-specific and culturally appropriate variations.
“Not stated” does not mean nobody paid — the database does not always record it.
A review indicates that a plant-based diet may help prevent chronic kidney disease and slow its progression.
Aim of the study: Traditional dietary recommendations for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) focus on the quantity of nutrients consumed. Without appropriate dietary counselling, these restrictions can result in a low intake of fruits and vegetables and a lack of diversity in the diet.
Results: Current evidence suggests that promoting the adoption of plant-based diets has few risks but potential benefits for the primary prevention of CKD, as well as for delaying progression in patients with CKD G3-5. These diets might also help to manage and prevent some of the symptoms and metabolic complications of CKD. We suggest that restriction of plant foods as a strategy to prevent hyperkalaemia or undernutrition should be individualized to avoid depriving patients with CKD of these potential beneficial effects of plant-based diets. However, research is needed to address knowledge gaps, particularly regarding the relevance and extent of diet-induced hyperkalaemia in patients undergoing dialysis.
“Not stated” does not mean nobody paid — the database does not always record it.
A review indicates that plant-based and Mediterranean diets are among the lifestyle measures that reduce the occurrence and progression of noncommunicable diseases.
Aim of the study: Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) account for over 74% of global mortality, with cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, cancers, and chronic respiratory diseases comprising the largest share. These conditions impose substantial health, social, and economic burdens worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.
Results: Advances in digital health, wearable devices, and precision-based strategies enhance personalization, monitoring, and adherence to lifestyle interventions. Persistent gaps include limited long-term adherence data, underrepresentation of diverse populations in clinical research, insufficient integration of sociocultural determinants, and lack of standardized implementation frameworks in healthcare systems. Lifestyle medicine provides a comprehensive, cost-effective approach to NCD prevention and control. Scaling culturally adaptable, technology-enabled, and equity-focused strategies is essential to establish lifestyle-based prevention as a global standard in combating the rising NCD epidemic.
“Not stated” does not mean nobody paid — the database does not always record it.
A review indicates that healthy eating patterns, more fiber and whole grains, and less salt and ultra-processed food help lower cardiovascular risk.
Aim of the study: Nutrition is a foundational determinant of cardiovascular health and a central component of the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity, chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome. Suboptimal dietary patterns remain among the leading modifiable causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide.
Results: Evidence from randomized controlled trials, prospective cohort studies, and mechanistic investigations consistently supports replacing saturated fats with unsaturated fats, increasing consumption of dietary fiber and whole grains, reducing consumption of sodium and ultra-processed foods (particularly sugar-sweetened beverages and processed meats), and greater adherence to healthy dietary patterns to lower cardiovascular risk. Mediterranean, DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension), vegetarian, and other plant-rich dietary patterns demonstrate favorable effects on blood pressure, lipids, glycemic control, and body weight, and are consistently associated with lower rates of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Translation of nutrition science into clinical practice requires integration of dietary counseling, medical nutrition therapy, Food Is Medicine programs, public policy initiatives, and clinician education.
“Not stated” does not mean nobody paid — the database does not always record it.
A review indicates that a healthy plant-based diet is associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes and better blood sugar control.
Aim of the study: Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is one of the fastest-growing chronic diseases worldwide, affecting an estimated 589 million adults in 2024, with projections rising to 853 million by 2050. Dietary modification is a cornerstone of both T2D prevention and management.
Results: The interpretation of the available evidence is limited by the predominance of observational studies, heterogeneous definitions of plant-based dietary patterns, self-reported dietary assessments, and the limited availability of long-term randomized controlled trials. Conclusions: Current evidence supports healthy plant-based dietary patterns as an effective strategy for the prevention and management of T2D. Dietary patterns emphasizing whole plant foods, including legumes, whole grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds, while limiting processed and excessive red meat intake, are associated with improved metabolic health. Future high-quality randomized controlled trials with standardized dietary definitions are needed to further define the optimal composition of plant-based diets for diabetes prevention and treatment.
“Not stated” does not mean nobody paid — the database does not always record it.
Perspectives and opinion materials
The content below presents the authors’ opinions, interpretations and hypotheses. It is not treated as equal to scientific studies and systematic reviews.
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