VaccinesWhat do nanoparticles from mRNA vaccines really do in our bodies?
Sources: 9 · Article: 10 180 characters
Prof. Sucharit Bhakdi claims that the proteins ApoB and ApoE help lipid nanoparticles cross the blood–brain barrier.
- Lipids shield the mRNA and help it enter a cell, where it directs the production of the spike protein.
- According to Bhakdi, mRNA can persist for a long time, regardless of the type of antigen it encodes.
- Dr. Norman Pieniążek claims that nanoparticles can reach different cells in the body, which then start producing what is encoded in the mRNA.
What the authors write
Prof. Sucharit Bhakdi
Lipids shield the mRNA and help it enter a cell, where the mRNA directs the production of the spike protein.
„This mRNA is coated with a mixture of synthetic lipids (fat-like molecules) that protect it during transport within the body, and which also facilitate its uptake into the target cells through endocytosis. After the vaccine has entered a cell, it initially finds itself enclosed by a membrane vesicle—a little bubble that was pinched off from the cell membrane. The subsequent accumulation of acid inside this bubble causes the lipids to be stripped off, and the mRNA to be released into the cytosol (the intracellular fluid); this release step is facilitated by the cationic lipid ALC-0315 (see later). The mRNA then binds to ribosomes—the cell’s little protein factories—and induces the synthesis of the actual spike protein molecules.”This mRNA is coated with a mixture of synthetic lipids (fat-like molecules) that protect it during transport within the body, and which also facilitate its uptake into the target cells through endocytosis. After the vaccine has entered a cell, it initially finds itself enclosed by a membrane vesicle—a little bubble that was pinched off from the cell membrane. The subsequent accumulation of acid inside this bubble causes the lipids to be stripped off, and the mRNA to be released into the cytosol (the intracellular fluid); this release step is facilitated by the cationic lipid ALC-0315 (see later). The mRNA then binds to ribosomes—the cell’s little protein factories—and induces the synthesis of the actual spike protein molecules.
Prof. Sucharit Bhakdi
The body’s proteins can coat lipid nanoparticles, and the proteins ApoB and ApoE help cells take them up and transport them across the blood–brain barrier.
„In vivo, lipid nanoparticles of the type used in Pfizer and Moderna vaccines will acquire a “biomolecular corona”, i.e. an outer coating consisting of the body’s own proteins. With this coating, they then behave similarly to the body’s own natural fat transport particles, the lipoproteins. The cellular uptake of the lipid nanoparticles and their transport across the blood-brain barrier are mediated in particular by coating with the proteins ApoB and ApoE [3,4], which also serve the same purpose with the body’s own lipoproteins.”In vivo, lipid nanoparticles of the type used in Pfizer and Moderna vaccines will acquire a “biomolecular corona”, i.e. an outer coating consisting of the body’s own proteins. With this coating, they then behave similarly to the body’s own natural fat transport particles, the lipoproteins. The cellular uptake of the lipid nanoparticles and their transport across the blood-brain barrier are mediated in particular by coating with the proteins ApoB and ApoE [3,4], which also serve the same purpose with the body’s own lipoproteins.
Prof. Sucharit Bhakdi
The passage assumes that the long-term persistence of mRNA and antigen production do not depend on the type of antigen encoded.
„Such long-lasting persistence of the mRNA, and therefore of antigen expression, must be assumed to be unrelated to the identity of the encoded antigen. Instead, it is most likely a property of the delivery technology in general. The calamitous consequences of this long-lasting antigen expression will be considered below.”Such long-lasting persistence of the mRNA, and therefore of antigen expression, must be assumed to be unrelated to the identity of the encoded antigen. Instead, it is most likely a property of the delivery technology in general. The calamitous consequences of this long-lasting antigen expression will be considered below.
Dr Norman Pieniążek
According to this statement, lipid nanoparticles reach different cells in the body, which then start producing what is encoded in the mRNA.
„So they enter any cells in the body—one person’s cells, some cells in one person, other cells in another; from the brain, ovaries, heart, liver—you can choose any organ. These lipid nanoparticles enter them and transform the cell, meaning that the cell suddenly starts producing what was encoded in the mRNA in that lipid nanoparticle,” the professor reveals.”Czyli wchodzą do dowolnych komórek w organizmie, u jednego do tych, u jednego do innych, od mózgu, jajników, serca, wątroby, może pan wybrać jakikolwiek organ, wchodzą tam te nanocząsteczki lipidowe i transformują komórkę, czyli komórka nagle zaczyna produkować to, co było w tej nanocząsteczce lipidowej zakodowane w tym mRNA – ujawnia prof.
Research from PubMed · Europe PMC
We selected 3 studies with the best, positive results. This is a selection, not a full review of all research.
Total number of studies on this topic in PubMed: 1 465.
The review describes how lipid nanoparticles protect mRNA from degradation and help it enter cells and their cytoplasm.
Aim of the study: mRNA vaccines have become a clinically validated vaccine platform, as demonstrated by the success of COVID-19 vaccines such as Comirnaty and Spikevax, owing to their rapid design, manufacturing scalability, and capacity to induce in situ antigen expression.
Results: Despite remarkable progress, challenges related to formulation stability, long-term storage stability, safety and reactogenicity concerns, and durability of immune protection continue to hinder the broader application of mRNA-LNP vaccine platforms. This review provides an integrated overview of recent advances in mRNA-LNP vaccines, covering mRNA molecular engineering, LNP composition and delivery mechanisms, immune responses, clinical progress, and current developmental challenges. Furthermore, emerging strategies, including thermostable formulations, next-generation LNPs with improved targeting capability, emerging RNA platforms, and artificial intelligence-assisted optimization of RNA sequences and lipid materials, are discussed.
Money for the studygovernment, public institutions · National Natural Science Foundation of China
Do the authors have ties to companies?no — the authors say so
Did a manufacturer help with the study?NO
Type of studydiscussion of other studies
“Not stated” does not mean nobody paid — the database does not always record it.
In mouse studies, the nanoparticles stimulated an immune response, supporting the development of memory cells and long-lasting protective antibodies.
Aim of the study: Adjuvants are critical for improving the quality and magnitude of adaptive immune responses to vaccination. Lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccines have shown great efficacy against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but the mechanism of action of this vaccine platform is not well-characterized.
Results: Using influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 mRNA and protein subunit vaccines, we demonstrated that our LNP formulation has intrinsic adjuvant activity that promotes induction of strong T follicular helper cell, germinal center B cell, long-lived plasma cell, and memory B cell responses that are associated with durable and protective antibodies in mice. Comparative experiments demonstrated that this LNP formulation outperformed a widely used MF59-like adjuvant, AddaVax. The adjuvant activity of the LNP relies on the ionizable lipid component and on IL-6 cytokine induction but not on MyD88- or MAVS-dependent sensing of LNPs. Our study identified LNPs as a versatile adjuvant that enhances the efficacy of traditional and next-generation vaccine platforms.
Money for the studynot stated · National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIAID NIH HHS, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Do the authors have ties to companies?yes — the authors reported it
Did a manufacturer help with the study?YES
Type of studyanimal study
“Not stated” does not mean nobody paid — the database does not always record it.
The review explains that nanoparticles shield mRNA from enzymes that break down RNA and help deliver it into cells.
Aim of the study: Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are a type of lipid vesicles that possess a homogeneous lipid core. These vesicles are widely used in small-molecule drug and nucleic acid delivery and recently gained much attention because of their remarkable success as a delivery platform for COVID-19 mRNA vaccines.
Results: Fourth, we review the attributes of LNP constructs as a whole that can heavily influence RNA delivery. These attributes are LNP size, charge, internal structure, lipid packing, lipid membrane hydration, stability, and affinity toward biomacromolecules. We also discuss the specific techniques used to examine these attributes and how they can be adjusted. Finally, we offer our perspective on the future of RNA therapies and some questions that remain in the realm of LNP formulation and optimization.
Money for the studygovernment, public institutions · NHLBI NIH HHS, National Eye Institute, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
Do the authors have ties to companies?not stated
Did a manufacturer help with the study?unknown
Type of studydiscussion of other studies
“Not stated” does not mean nobody paid — the database does not always record it.
Perspectives and opinion materials
The content below presents the authors’ opinions, interpretations and hypotheses. It is not treated as equal to scientific studies and systematic reviews.
Orthomolecular Medicine News Service Opinion material
„[48-50] Lipid peroxidation is also implicated in many chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease [51-56], cancer [57-60], Alzheimer's, liver diseases, lung diseases (COPD), diabetes mellitus [61-68], autoimmune diseases [69-73], and also Covid-19, chronic Covid-19 symptoms (so-called "Long Covid") and even Covid vaccine related injuries. [5,34,47,74-84] More advanced atherosclerosis is found to be associated with increased oxidized linoleic acid (LA) than with non-oxidized LA. [85] Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are the targets of LPCR: LPCR primarily targets the double bonds in lipid molecules.”[48-50] Lipid peroxidation is also implicated in many chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease [51-56], cancer [57-60], Alzheimer's, liver diseases, lung diseases (COPD), diabetes mellitus [61-68], autoimmune diseases [69-73], and also Covid-19, chronic Covid-19 symptoms (so-called "Long Covid") and even Covid vaccine related injuries. [5,34,47,74-84] More advanced atherosclerosis is found to be associated with increased oxidized linoleic acid (LA) than with non-oxidized LA. [85] Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are the targets of LPCR: LPCR primarily targets the double bonds in lipid molecules.
Orthomolecular Medicine News Service Opinion material
„(2021) SARS-CoV-2 suppresses mRNA expression of selenoproteins associated with ferroptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress and DNA synthesis. Food and Chemical Toxicology 153 :112286. (2020) Evidence of Structural Protein Damage and Membrane Lipid Remodeling in Red Blood Cells from COVID-19 Patients. J Proteome Res. 19: 4455-4469. (2020) COVID-19: NAD+ deficiency may predispose the aged, obese and type2 diabetics to mortality through its effect on SIRT1 activity. Med Hypotheses 144:110044. (2010) The oxidative stress-induced niacin sink (OSINS) model for HIV pathogenesis PMID:19857540. Toxicology. 278:124-130.”(2021) SARS-CoV-2 suppresses mRNA expression of selenoproteins associated with ferroptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress and DNA synthesis. Food and Chemical Toxicology 153 :112286. (2020) Evidence of Structural Protein Damage and Membrane Lipid Remodeling in Red Blood Cells from COVID-19 Patients. J Proteome Res. 19: 4455-4469. (2020) COVID-19: NAD+ deficiency may predispose the aged, obese and type2 diabetics to mortality through its effect on SIRT1 activity. Med Hypotheses 144:110044. (2010) The oxidative stress-induced niacin sink (OSINS) model for HIV pathogenesis PMID:19857540. Toxicology. 278:124-130.
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